11. ML – Data Engineering – Yannick's non-Bakery

S3

Common formats for ML: CSV, JSON, Parquet, ORC, Avro, Protobuf
Storage Classes
- Amazon S3 Standard – General Purpose
- Amazon S3 Standard-Infrequent Access (IA)
- Amazon S3 One Zone-Infrequent Access
  - data lost when AZ is destroyed
- Amazon S3 Glacier Instant Retrieval
  - Millisecond retrieval
  - Minimum storage duration of 90 days
- Amazon S3 Glacier Flexible Retrieval
  - Expedited (1 to 5 minutes), Standard (3 to 5 hours), Bulk (5 to 12 hours)
  - Minimum storage duration of 90 days
- Amazon S3 Glacier Deep Archive
  - Standard (12 hours), Bulk (48 hours)
  - Minimum storage duration of 180 days
- Amazon S3 Intelligent Tiering
  - Moves objects automatically between Access Tiers based on usage
  - There are no retrieval charges in S3 Intelligent-Tiering
- Can managed with S3 Lifecycle

Lifecycle Rules
- Transition Actions
- Expiration actions
  - Can be used to delete old versions of files (if versioning is enabled)
  - Can be used to delete incomplete Multi-Part uploads
Enable S3 Versioning in order to have object versions, so that “deleted objects” are in fact hidden by a “delete marker” and can be recovered
Amazon S3 Event Notifications allow you to receive notifications when certain events occur in your S3 bucket, such as object creation or deletion.
S3 Analytics
- decide when to transition objects to the right storage class
S3 Security
- User-Based (IAM Policies)
- Resource-Based (Bucket Policies)
  - Grant public access to the bucket
  - Force objects to be encrypted at upload
  - Grant access to another account (Cross Account)
Object Encryption
- Server-Side Encryption (SSE)
  - Server-Side Encryption with Amazon S3-Managed Keys (SSE-S3) – Default
    - automatically applied to new objects stored in S3 bucket
    - Encryption type is AES-256
    - header “x-amz-server-side-encryption”: “AES256”
  - Server-Side Encryption with KMS Keys stored in AWS KMS (SSE-KMS)
    - KMS advantages: user control + audit key usage using CloudTrail
    - header “x-amz-server-side-encryption”: “aws:kms”
    - When you upload, it calls the GenerateDataKey KMS API
    - When you download, it calls the Decrypt KMS API
  - Server-Side Encryption with Customer-Provided Keys (SSE-C)
    - Amazon S3 does NOT store the encryption key you provide
    - HTTPS must be used
    - Encryption key must provided in HTTP headers, for every HTTP request made
- Client-Side Encryption
Encryption in transit (SSL/TLS)
- aka “Encryption in flight”
- Amazon S3 exposes two endpoints:
  - HTTP Endpoint – non encrypted
  - HTTPS Endpoint – encryption in flight
    - mandatory for SSE-C
    - Set Condition in the Bucket Policy, with “aws:SecureTransport”

Kinesis Data Streams

Collect and store streaming data in real-time
- data retention, data replication, and automatic load balancing
Retention between up to 365 days
Data up to 1MB (typical use case is lot of “small” real-time data)
Data ordering guarantee for data with the same “Partition ID”
Capacity Modes
- Provisioned mode
  - Each shard gets 1MB/s in (or 1000 records per second)
  - Each shard gets 2MB/s out
- On-demand mode
  - Default capacity provisioned (4 MB/s in or 4000 records per second)
[ML] create real-time machine learning applications

Amazon Data Firehose

aka Kinesis Data Firehose
Collect and store streaming data in real-time
Near Real-Time; in another words, suitable for batch processing
Custom data transformations using AWS Lambda
[ML] ingest massive data near-real time
Kinesis Data Streams is for when you want to “real-time” control and manage the flow of data yourself, while Kinesis Data Firehose is for when you want the data to be “near-real-time” automatically processed and delivered to a specific destination(Redshift, S3, Splunk, etc.)

Amazon Kinesis Data Analytics

aka Amazon Managed Service for Apache Flink
Apache Flink is an open-source distributed processing engine for stateful computations over data streams. It provides a high-performance runtime and a powerful stream processing API that supports stateful computations, event-time processing, and accurate fault-tolerance guarantees.
- real-time data transformations, filtering, and enrichment
Flink does not read from Amazon Data Firehose
AWS Apache Flink clusters
- EC2 instances
- Apache Flink runtime
- Apache ZooKeeper
Serverless
Common cases
- Streaming ETL
- Continuous metric generation
- Responsive analytics
Use IAM permissions to access streaming source and destination(s)
Schema discovery
[ML] real-time ETL / ML algorithms on streams

Kinesis Video Stream

Video playback capability
Keep data for 1 hour to 10 years
[ML] real-time video stream to create ML applications

	Data Streams	Data Firehose	Data Analytics (Amazon Managed Service for Apache Flink)	Video Streams
Short definition	Scalable and durable real-time data streaming service.	Capture, transform, and deliver streaming data into data lakes, data stores, and analytics services.	Transform and analyze streaming data in real time with Apache Flink.	Stream video from connected devices to AWS for analytics, machine learning, playback, and other processing.
Data sources	Any data source (servers, mobile devices, IoT devices, etc) that can call the Kinesis API to send data.	Any data source (servers, mobile devices, IoT devices, etc) that can call the Kinesis API to send data.	Amazon MSK, Amazon Kinesis Data Streams, servers, mobile devices, IoT devices, etc.	Any streaming device that supports Kinesis Video Streams SDK.
Data consumers	Kinesis Data Analytics, Amazon EMR, Amazon EC2, AWS Lambda	Amazon S3, Amazon Redshift, Amazon Elasticsearch Service, generic HTTP endpoints, Datadog, New Relic, MongoDB, and Splunk	Analysis results can be sent to another Kinesis stream, a Firehose stream, or a Lambda function	Amazon Rekognition, Amazon SageMaker, MxNet, TensorFlow, HLS-based media playback, custom media processing application
Use cases	– Log and event data collection – Real-time analytics – Mobile data capture – Gaming data feed	– IoT Analytics – Clickstream Analytics – Log Analytics – Security monitoring	– Streaming ETL – Real-time analytics – Stateful event processing	– Smart technologies – Video-related AI/ML – Video processing

Glue Data Catalog

Metadata repository for all your tables
- Automated Schema Inference
- Schemas are versioned
Integrates with Athena or Redshift Spectrum (schema & data discovery)
Glue Crawlers can help build the Glue Data Catalog
- Works JSON, Parquet, CSV, relational store
- Crawlers work for: S3, Amazon Redshift, Amazon RDS
- Run the Crawler on a Schedule or On Demand
- Need an IAM role / credentials to access the data stores
- Glue crawler will extract partitions based on how your S3 data is organized

Glue ETL

Extract, Transform, Load
primarily used for batch data processing and not real-time data ingestion and processing
Transform data, Clean Data, Enrich Data (before doing analysis)
- Bundled Transformations
  - DropFields, DropNullFields – remove (null) fields
  - Filter – specify a function to filter records
  - Join – to enrich data
  - Map – add fields, delete fields, perform external lookups
- Machine Learning Transformations
  - FindMatches ML: identify duplicate or matching records in your dataset, even when the records do not have a common unique identifier and no fields match exactly.
  - Apache Spark transformations (example: K-Means)
Jobs are run on a serverless Spark platform
Glue Scheduler to schedule the jobs
Glue Triggers to automate job runs based on “events”

Format	Definition	Property	Usage
CSV	Unstructured	minimal, row-based	no good for large-scale data
XML	Semi-structured	not row- nor column-based	no good for large-scale data
JSON	Semi-structured	not row- nor column-based
JSON Lines (JSONL)	Structured	performance-oriented, row-based	large datasets (streaming, event data)
Parquet	Structured (columnar)	performance-oriented, column-based	large datasets (analytical queries), with data compression and encoding algorithms
Avro-RecordIO	Structured	performance-oriented, row-based	large datasets (streaming, event data)
grokLog	Structured
Ion	Structured
ORC	Structured	performance-oriented, column-based

Feature	Avro	Parquet
Storage Format	Row-based (stores entire records sequentially)	Columnar-based (stores data by columns)
Best For	Streaming, event data, schema evolution	Analytical queries, big data analytics
Read Performance	Slower for analytics since entire rows must be read	Faster for analytics as only required columns are read
Write Performance	Faster – appends entire rows quickly	Slower – columnar storage requires additional processing
Query Efficiency	Inefficient for analytical queries due to row-based structure	Highly efficient for analytical queries since only required columns are scanned
File Size	Generally larger due to row-based storage	Smaller file sizes due to better compression techniques
Use Cases	Event-driven architectures, Kafka messaging systems, log storage	Data lakes, data warehouses, ETL processes, analytical workloads
Processing Frameworks	Works well with Apache Kafka, Hadoop, Spark	Optimized for Apache Spark, Hive, Presto, Snowflake
Support for Nested Data	Supports nested data, but requires schema definition	Optimized for nested structures, making it better suited for hierarchical data
Interoperability	Widely used in streaming platforms	Preferred for big data processing and analytical workloads
Primary Industry Adoption	Streaming platforms, logging, real-time pipelines	Data warehousing, analytics, business intelligence

AWS Glue DataBrew

Allows you to clean and normalize data without writing any code
Reduces ML and analytics data preparation time by up to 80%
features
- Transformations, such as filtering rows, replacing values, splitting and combining columns; or applying NLP to split sentences into phrases.
- Data Formats and Data Sources
- Job and Scheduling
- Security
- Integration
Components
- Project
- Dataset
- Recipe
- Job
- Data Lineage
- Data Profile

AWS Data Stores for Machine Learning

Redshift
- Data Warehousing, SQL analytics (OLAP – Online analytical processing)
- Load data from S3 to Redshift
- Use Redshift Spectrum to query data directly in S3 (no loading)
RDS, Aurora
- Relational Store, SQL (OLTP – Online Transaction Processing)
- Must provision servers in advance
DynamoDB
- NoSQL data store, serverless, provision read/write capacity
- Useful to store a machine learning model served by your application
S3
- Object storage
- Serverless, infinite storage
- Integration with most AWS Services
OpenSearch (previously ElasticSearch)
- Indexing of data
- Search amongst data points
- Clickstream Analytics
~~ElastiCache~~
- ~~Caching mechanism~~
- ~~Not really used for Machine Learning~~

AWS Data Pipeline

Destinations include S3, RDS, DynamoDB, Redshift and EMR
Manages task dependencies
Retries and notifies on failures
Data sources may be on-premises

AWS Batch

Run batch jobs via Docker images
Dynamic provisioning of the instances (EC2 & Spot Instances)
serverless
Schedule Batch Jobs using CloudWatch Events
Orchestrate Batch Jobs using AWS Step Functions

AWS DMS – Database Migration Service

Continuous Data Replication using CDC
You must create an EC2 instance to perform the replication tasks
Homogeneous migrations: ex Oracle to Oracle
Heterogeneous migrations: ex Microsoft SQL Server to Aurora

AWS Step Functions

Use to design workflows
Advanced Error Handling and Retry mechanism outside the (Lambda) code
Audit of the history of workflows
Ability to “Wait” for an arbitrary amount of time
Max execution time of a State Machine is 1 year

AWS DataSync

on-premises -> AWS storage services
A DataSync Agent is deployed as a VM and connects to your internal storage (NFS, SMB, HDFS)
Encryption and data validation

MQTT

Standard messaging protocol, for IoT (Internet of Things)
Think of it as how lots of sensor data might get transferred to your machine learning model
The AWS IoT Device SDK can connect via MQTT

Amazon Keyspaces DB

a scalable, highly available, and managed Apache Cassandra–compatible database service

	Apache Cassandra	MongoDB
Data model	Cassandra uses a wide-column data model more closely related to relational databases.	MongoDB moves completely away from the relational model by storing data as documents.
Basic storage unit	Sorted string tables.	Serialized JSON documents.
Indexing	Cassandra supports secondary indexes and SASI to index by column or columns.	MongoDB indexes at a collection level and field level and offers multiple indexing options.
Query language	Cassandra uses CQL.	MongoDB uses MQL.
Concurrency	Cassandra achieves concurrency with row-level atomicity and turntable consistency.	MongoDB uses MVCC and document-level locking to ensure concurrency.
Availability	Cassandra has multiple master nodes, node partitioning, and key replication to offer high availability.	MongoDB uses a single primary node and multiple replica nodes. Combined with sharding, MongoDB provides high availability and scalability.
Partitioning	Consistent hashing algorithm, less control to users.	Users define sharding keys and have more control over partitioning.
AWS	AWS Keyspaces	AWS DynomoDB

Aspect	Flink	Spark	Kafka
Type	Hybrid (batch and stream)	Hybrid (batch and stream)	Stream-only
Support for 3rd party systems	Multiple source and sink	Yes (Kafka, HDFS, Cassandra, etc.)	Tightly coupled with Kafka (Kafka Connect)
Stateful	Yes (RocksDB)	Yes (with checkpointing)	Yes (with Kafka Streams, RocksDB)
Complex event processing	Yes (native support)	Yes (with Spark Structured Streaming)	No (developer needs to handle)
Streaming window	Tumbling, Sliding, Session, Count	Time-based and count-based	Tumbling, Hopping/Sliding, Session
Data Processing	Batch/Stream (native)	Batch/Stream (micro Batch)	Stream-only
Iterations	Supports iterative algorithms natively	Supports iterative algorithms with micro-batches	No
SQL	Table, SQL API	Spark SQL	Supports SQL queries on streaming data with Kafka SQL API (KSQL)
Optimization	Auto (data flow graph and the available resources)	Manual (directed acyclic graph (DAG) and the available resources)	No native support
State Backend	Memory, file system, RocksDB or custom backends	Memory, file system, HDFS or custom backends	Memory, file system, RocksDB or custom backends
Language	Java, Scala, Python and SQL APIs	Java, Scala, Python, R, C#, F# and SQL APIs	Java, Scala and SQL APIs
Geo-distribution	Flink Stateful Functions API	No native support	Kafka MirrorMaker tool
Latency	Streaming: very low latency (milliseconds)	Micro-batching: near real-time latency (seconds)	Log-based: very low latency (milliseconds)
Data model	True streaming with bounded and unbounded data sets	Micro-batching with RDDs and DataFrames	Log-based streaming
Processing engine	One unified engine for batch and stream processing	Separate engines for batch (Spark Core) and stream processing (Spark Streaming)	Stream processing only
Delivery guarantees	Exactly-once for both batch and stream processing	Exactly-once for batch processing, at-least-once for stream processing	At-least-once
Throughput	High throughput due to pipelined execution and in-memory caching	High throughput due to in-memory caching and parallel processing	High throughput due to log compaction and compression
State management	Rich support for stateful operations with various state backends and time semantics	Limited support for stateful operations with mapWithState and updateStateByKey functions	No native support for stateful operations, rely on external databases or Kafka Streams API
Machine learning support	Yes (Flink ML library)	Yes (Spark MLlib library)	No (use external libraries like TensorFlow or H2O)
Architecture	True streaming engine that treats batch as a special case of streaming with bounded data. Uses a streaming dataflow model that allows for more optimization than Spark’s DAG model.	Batch engine that supports streaming as micro-batching (processing small batches of data at regular intervals). Uses a DAG model that divides the computation into stages and tasks.	Stream engine that acts as both a message broker and a stream processor. Uses a log model that stores and processes records as an ordered sequence of events.
Delivery Guarantees	Supports exactly-once processing semantics by using checkpoints and state snapshots. Also supports at-least-once and at-most-once semantics.	Supports at-least-once processing semantics by using checkpoints and write-ahead logs. Can achieve exactly-once semantics for some output sinks by using idempotent writes or transactions.	Supports exactly-once processing semantics by using transactions and idempotent producers. Also supports at-least-once and at-most-once semantics.
Performance	Achieves high performance and low latency by using in-memory processing, pipelined execution, incremental checkpoints, network buffers, and operator chaining. Also supports batch and iterative processing modes for higher throughput.	Achieves high performance and low latency by using in-memory processing, lazy evaluation, RDD caching, and code generation. However, micro-batching introduces some latency overhead compared to true streaming engines.	Achieves high performance and low latency by using log compaction, zero-copy transfer, batch compression, and client-side caching. However, Kafka does not support complex stream processing operations natively.

AWS Glue can be used to extract and combine data from various sources like Amazon RDS databases, Amazon DynamoDB, and other data stores, creating a unified dataset for training the machine learning model. This combined dataset can then be stored in Amazon S3, a cost-effective and scalable object storage service, making it accessible for both training and inference purposes. For analyzing large volumes of purchase history data, which is crucial for understanding customer behavior, the company can utilize Amazon EMR, a distributed computing framework that enables efficient processing of big data. Additionally, to incorporate real-time social media activity data into the model, Amazon Data Firehose can be employed to ingest, transform, and load this streaming data directly into Amazon S3, where it can be combined with the other datasets. By leveraging these AWS services in tandem, the e-commerce company can streamline the entire data processing pipeline, from data ingestion and storage to analysis and model training, ultimately enhancing the accuracy and effectiveness of their customer churn prediction model.